Africans Before Columbus

Dark CIVILIZATIONS OF ANCIENT AMERICA (MUU-LAN), MEXICO (XI) Gigantic stone head of Negritic African The most punctual individuals in the Americas were individuals of the Negritic African race, who entered the Americas maybe as ahead of schedule as 100,000 years prior, by method of the bering straight and around thirty thousand years back in an overall sea undertaking that included excursions from the then wet and lake filled Sahara towards the Indian Ocean and the Pacific, and from West Africa over the Atlantic Ocean towards the Americas.According to the Gladwin Thesis, this old excursion happened, especially around 75,000 years back and included Black Pygmies, Black Negritic people groups and Black Australoids like the Aboriginal Black individuals of Australia and parts of Asia, including India. Antiquated African earthenware pictures 1000 B. C. to 500 B. C. Late revelations in the field of semantics and different strategies have appeared in actuality, that the old Olmecs of Mexico , known as the Xi People, came initially from West Africa and were of the Mende African ethnic stock.According to Clyde A. Winters and different scholars (see Clyde A. Winters site), the Mende content was found on a portion of the old Olmec landmarks of Mexico and were seen as indistinguishable from exactly the same content utilized by the Mende individuals of West Africa. In spite of the fact that the carbon fourteen testing date for the nearness of the Black Olmecs or Xi People is around 1500 B. C. , journies to the Mexico and the Southern United States may have originated from West Africa a lot prior, especially around 5,000 years before Christ.That end depends on the finding of an African local cotton that was found in North America. It's just conceivable way of showing up where it was found needed to have experienced human hands. At that period in West African history and even previously, human progress was in full sprout in the Western Sahara in what is today Mauritania. Proba bly the most punctual human advancement, the Zingh Empire, existed and may have lived in what was a lake filled, wet and ripe Sahara, where ships bungled from spot to place.ANCIENT AFRICAN KINGDOMS PRODUCED OLMEC TYPE CULTURES The old realms of West Africa which involved the Coastal backwoods belt from Cameroon to Guinea had exchanging associations with different Africans going back to ancient occasions. Be that as it may, by 1500 B. C. , these old realms exchanged along the Ivory Coast, however with the Phoenicians and different people groups. They extended their exchange to the Americas, where the proof for an antiquated African nearness is overwhelming.The realms which came to be known by Arabs and Europeans during the Middle Ages were at that point entrenched when quite a bit of Western Europe was as yet possessed by Celtic clans. By the fifth Century B. C. , the Phoenicians were running comercial boats to a few West African realms. During that period, iron had been being used f or around one thousand years and earthenware workmanship was being created at an extraordinary degree of craftsmanship. Stone was likewise being cut with naturalistic flawlessness and later, bronze was being utilized to make different devices and instruments, just as perfectly naturalistic works of art.The antiquated West African seaside and inside Kingdoms involved a zone that is currently secured with thick vegetation however may have been cleared around three to 4,000 years back. This incorporates the districts from the banks of West Africa toward the South, as far as possible inland to the Sahara. Various enormous realms and domains existed around there. As per Blisshords Communications, probably the most seasoned domain and civilizions on earth existed only north of the seaside areas into what is today Mauritania.It was known as the Zingh Empire and was exceptionally best in class. Truth be told, they were the first to utilize the red, dark and green African banner and to plant it all through their region all over Africa and the world. The Zingh Empire existed around fifteen thousand years prior. The main different human advancements that may have been in existance at that period in history were the Ta-Seti progress of what became Nubia-Kush and the legendary Atlantis development which may have existed out in the Atlantic, off the shore of West Africa around ten to fifteen thousand years ago.That leaves the inquiry regarding whether there was a connection between the ancient Zingh Empire of West Africa and the civilization of Atlantis, regardless of whether the Zingh Empire was really Atlantis, or whether Atlantis in the event that it existed was a piece of the Zingh realm. Was Atlantis, the profoundly mechanically complex human progress an augmentation of Black development in the Meso-America and different pieces of the Americas? Stone cutting of a Shaman or minister from Columbia's San Agustine CultureAn antiquated West African Oni or King holding compa rative relics as the San Agustine culture stone cutting of a Shaman The above old stone carvings (500 t0 1000 B. C. ) of Shamans of Priest-Kings obviously show unmistakable similitudes in instruments held and reason. The sensible cutting of an African ruler or Oni and the stone cutting of a shaman from Columbia's San Agustin Culture demonstrates dissemination of African strict practices to the Americas. Indeed, the locale of Columbia and Panama were among the primary places that Blacks were spotted by the principal Spanish voyagers to the Americas.From the archeological proof assembled both in West Africa and Meso-America, there is motivation to accept that the African Negritics who established or impacted the Olmec human advancement originated from West Africa. Not exclusively do the collosol Olmec stone heads look like Black Africans from the Ghana territory, yet the old strict acts of the Olmec clerics was like that of the West Africans, which included shamanism, the investigatio n of the Venus complex which was a piece of the customs of the Olmecs just as the Ono and Dogon People of West Africa.The language association is vital, since it has been discovered through decipherment of the Olmec content, that the antiquated Olmecs communicated in the Mende language and wrote in the Mend content, which is as yet utilized in parts of West Africa and the Sahara right up 'til the present time. Old TRADE BETWEEN THE AMERICAS AND AFRICA The most punctual exchange and business exercises among ancient and old Africa and the Americas may have happened from West Africa and may have included delivery and travel over the Atlantic.The history of West Africa has never been appropriately inquired about. However, there is adequate proof to show that West Africa of 1500 B. C. was at a degree of human progress moving toward that of antiquated Egypt and Nubia-Kush. Actually, there were likenesses between the way of life of Nubia and West Africa, even to the very similitudes betwee n the littler scaled hard block dirt internment pyramids worked for West African Kings at Kukia in pre Christian Ghana and their partners in Nubia, Egypt and Meso-America.Although West Africa isn't normally known for having a culture of pyramid-building, such a culture existed in spite of the fact that pyramids were made for the entombment of lords and were made of solidified block. This style of pyramid building was nearer to what was worked by the Olmecs in Mexico when the principal Olmec pyramids were assembled. Truth be told, they were not worked of stone, yet of solidified dirt and minimized earth. All things considered, despite the fact that we don't see pyramids of stone transcending the ground in West Africa, like those of Egypt, Nubia or Mexico, or enormous abilisks, collosal landmarks and structures of Nubian and Khemitic or Meso-American civilization.The truth remains, they existed in West Africa for a littler scope and were shipped to the Americas, where conditions, for example, a situation progressively neighborly to building and liberated from weaknesses, for example, intestinal sickness and the tsetse fly, made it a lot simpler to expand on a more fabulous scale. Meso-American pyramid with ventured appearance, worked around 2500 years back Stepped Pyramid of Sakkara, Egypt, worked more than 4,000 years prior, contrast with Meso-American pyramid Large scope building tasks, for example, monuent and pyramid building was no doubt conveyed to the Americas by a similar West Africans who built up the Olmec or Xi human advancement in Mexico.Such exercises would have happened especially if there was a sorry hinderance and obstruction to enormous, grand structure and development as there was in the backwoods and intestinal sickness zones of West Africa. However, when the area of old Ghana and Mauritania is firmly inspected, proof of enormous ancient towns, for example, Kukia and others just as different landmarks to an extraordinary progress existed and k eep on existing at a littler level than Egypt and Nubia, yet huge enough to show an immediate association with Mexico's Olmec civilization.The likenesses among Olmec and West African human advancement incorporates racial, strict and pyramid bilding similitudes, just as the similitudes in their letters in order and contents just as the two societies communicating in the indistinguishable Mende language, which was once across the board in the Sahara and was spread as far East as Dravidian India in ancient occasions just as the South Pacific. During the early long stretches of West African exchange with the Americas, business sailors made regular journeys over the Atlantic.In certainty, the oral history of a convention of marine between the Americas and Africa is a piece of the historical backdrop of the Washitaw People, a native Black country who were the first occupants of the Mississippi Valley area, the previous Louisiana Territories and parts of the Southern United States. As per their oral customs, their old boats confounded the Atlantic Ocean among Africa and the Americas on missions of exchange and business.. A portion of the boats utilized during the antiquated occasions, maybe sooner than 7000 B.C. (which is the date given for cavern artistic creations of the drawings and artworks of pontoons in the now evaporated Sahara desert) are like boats utilized in parts of Africa today. These boats were either made of

Find causes of the problem in article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discover reasons for the issue in article - Essay Example No doubt the issue won't handily be comprehended on the grounds that the purposes for it are both affordable and political. This statement from a similar article for all intents and purposes summarizes the reasons for the issue: As indicated by Education Department measurements, 12 percent of understudies at open two-year colleges reported having an incapacity of some kind in 2007-8. Of those, 10 percent said they had a psychological, emotional, or mental condition, and 11.5 percent said they experienced despondency. Different studies demonstrate that the numbers could be higher: A fall 2009 overview by the American College Health Association found that 9.2 percent of understudies at a wide range of foundations revealed being determined to have despondency, and 9.4 percent with tension. (2010) School instructors nowadays are confronted with understudies who need something beyond a source of genuine sympathy and an ear to hear them out. These are issues that require much additional time and investment in the understudies regular daily existences, neither of which these guides have a ton of. The result? Absence of labor and unserviced understudies. The principal reason that he presents is that the financial downturn has caused a flood in school enlistment since there are individuals of unquestionably further developed ages who end up without occupations and needing vocation retraining. The main spot that they can get their retraining is in school. In this way, rather than having a solitary advisor manage say 10 understudies, that individual presently manages 50 - 100 understudies for each day. Another explanation behind the absence of advocates would be that these instructive establishments are not downturn verification either. Despite the fact that they have a deluge of understudies, the school organization despite everything needs to manage different bills and costs that are required so as to run the school, making them save certain representatives. These conserved workers as a rule originate from the Guidance Counseling division. We need to perceive

Adequate

Adequate You are inadequate. At least that’s what advertisers would like you to believe. You bear witness to proof of your inadequacy every day: you see it on your TV, hear it on your radio, stare back at it on your computer screen and on highway billboards. There are plenty of messages all around you to reinforce your utter inadequacy. If you’re a male, you’re not a real man unless you drink this brand of beer and eat this particular cut of meat and drive this brand of sport utility vehicle. And if you’re a female, you’re not a real woman unless you squeeze into this size dress and don this shiny piece of jewelry and tote this purse with all the ostentatious C’s or LV’s on its leather exterior. Then, and only then, will you feel adequateâ€"or so they’d have you believe. But when you obtain these things, what happens? Do you feel long-term adequacy? No, of course not. Your thirst for over-indulgent consumption isn’t quenched when you obtain more material possessionsâ€"it’s just the opposite: your desire to consume increases; you’ve set the bar higher, and thus the threshold for future satisfaction is higher. It’s a vicious cycle. Consumption is an unquenchable thirst. You create that thirst, you manufacture the desire to consume more. Advertisers play their role, they help activate the desire you create, but ultimately the desire is yours to control. Once you realize you have control, you can break the cycleâ€"you can avoid the continuous downward spiral. There is one way out of consumption’s spiral: we must realize the things we purchase do not define who we areâ€"unless we allow them to. If we are defined by our things, we will never be happyâ€"but if we are defined by our actions, then we’ll have the opportunity to feel fulfilled by our everyday growth, we’ll have the opportunity to feel satisfied with our everyday contribution to others, and we’ll have the opportunity to be content every day of our lives. The stuff doesn’t make you happyâ€"you make you happy. Read this essay and 150 others in our new book, Essential.

Development Of Drugs With High Potency And Inhibitory...

Summary of research plan Development of drugs with high potency and inhibitory activity against specific activating mutation, while showing significantly less activity against wild type mutations, made testing specific sensitizing mutation necessary. (1) (EGFR) T790M mutation a successful example of a biomarker for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treatment with Osimertinib that gained a wide acceptance in clinical practice in Europe and US (), One question that needs to be asked, however, is whether testing for similar mutations in different cancer will be of clinical value. an unknown subpopulation of patients with CRC will have an activating EGFR mutation, such as L858R, which is thought to activate the receptor constitutively, regardless of ligand status promoting cellular proliferation and growth. in patients with colorectal cancer, Targeting activated EGFR, hypothetically, will lead to growth inhibition of cancer cell dependent on the oncogenic drive of sensitising EGFR mutation. This project aims t o investigate the role of EGFR (L858R/+/+) as a biomarker for AZD 9291 (Osimertinib) treatment, using SW48 cell line with a wild type mutation of EGFR and Heterozygous knockin of EGFR activating mutation (L858R/+/+), to investigate the mechanism of resistances if cells developed resistance and to test the overlap between Osimertinib and AZD5363, palbocidib and selumetinib. This work should improve treatment outcome for patients with CRC with EGFR sensitising mutationShow MoreRelatedThe Consequences Of The Discovery Of Pi3k Inhibitors791 Words   |  4 Pagesunder way. There is evidence that the early compounds namely quercetin, wortmannin and LY294002 could inhibit PI3K pathway. The latter two compounds were able to rule the research for more than a decade but their high toxicity and insolubility precludedthem as in vivo pharmacological drugs [Falasca (2010]. 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Moreover, it is highly selective for AChE with a low affinity for BuChE. Phase III study in the US, Japan and European countries showed that donepezil was able to treat these symptoms of mild to moderate ADRead MoreTb Is A Treatable And Curable Disease Essay1438 Words   |  6 Pagesaccurate early diagnosis, drug resistance screening, HIV screening, correct drug selection and long-term compliance. (1) The current first line treatment for drug-sensitive TB includes an ‘intensive phase’ of 2 months and a ‘continuation phase’ of 4 to 7 months. The drugs used in the initiation phase include rifampicin (RIF), isoniazid (INH), pyrazinamide (PYR) and ethambutol (EMB), with RIF and INH being continued until MTB is eradicated. (1) This four-drug treatment regimen for drug-sensitive TB diseaseRead MoreCancer Therapy Essay1597 Words   |  7 Pagesfor tumor recurrenc e and high rate of mortality. 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GI cancer resistance networks are in part due to interactions between parallel signaling and aberrantly expressed microRNAs (miRNAs) that collectively promote the development and survival of drug-resistant cancer stem cells (CSCs) with epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) characteristics. The lack of understanding of resistanceRead MoreFood Protein Derived Bioactive Peptides ( Bps )5959 Words   |  24 Pagesthereby influencing health positively. These peptides have attracted high research and consumer interests due to their huge potential of use in functional foods and other dietary interventions of disease control and health promotion. However, successful product development is limited by the fact that current manufacturing processes are either difficult to scale up, high in cost, or have the potential to affect the structure-activity properties of these peptides. To overcome these challenges, we have

How Successful A Business Or An Entrepreneurial Decision

Introduction Surviving in a competitive market nowadays has become increasingly difficult. According to Kelly (2013), almost 90% of new start-ups fail and don’t make it to their second year. Some of those businesses have overly ambitious goals, while others are simple and just aim to survive. So what criterion do we use if we are to judge the soundness of the entrepreneurial decision? Do successful businesses have the distinct characteristic of achieving profits? And are the most successful of companies the ones that attain the highest profits? Or is it that we need to take other factors into account when assessing the successfulness of a company? These are the kinds of questions that this paper will be trying to answer in order to reflect on the different ways and approaches we go about assessing how successful a business or an entrepreneurial decision is. Rational Choice It is without a doubt that financial analysis and profitability ratios are key performance indicators and perhaps the first that pop to mind when thinking of the successfulness of a venture (PwC, 2007). They are in fact the easiest to use in order to judge how good the company has been performing with regards to selling their goods/services with a profitable margin. For instance, Reid and Smith (2000) conducted a research with 150 new small sized companies and tried to cluster them into high, medium and low performing organizations according to certain characteristics ofShow MoreRelatedThe Practice Of Entrepreneurship Through Time And The Global Enterprise1642 Words   |  7 Pagesof self-esteem and self-efficacy reduces the competence in decision making. Delgado-Garcia, Rodriguez-Escudero, and Martin-Cruz (2012) maintained that negative self-esteem increased negative mood and limited options. 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These processes include identifying an opportunity, developing a business plan, determining the resources needed, and finally managing the newly developed enterprise (Hirsh, Peters, Sheppard, 2005). A clear understanding of the entrepreneurial process is anRead MoreEssay The Missing Entrepreneur in Economics1602 Words   |  7 Pagesaggression a successful strategy. Economic models are contrived to remove the personality from the entrepreneur, to make all entrepreneurial decisions predestined, given enough time. However, to deny Bill Gates’s or Steve Jobs’s role in economic history is equivalent to denying Hitler’s role in creating a Nazi Germany or Castro’s role in creating a Communist Cuba. Claiming that history or economics is deterministic is silly. Entrepreneurs are people who make decisions; their decisions need not fallRead MoreStrategic Iss ues in Entreprenuerial Ventures1565 Words   |  7 PagesChapter 13 STRATEGIC ISSUES IN ENTREPRENEURIAL VENTURES AND SMALL BUSINESSES The Importance of Small-Business and Entrepreneurial Ventures A. Definition of Small-Business Firms and Entrepreneurial Ventures The most commonly accepted definition of a small business firm is one that employs fewer than 500 people and that generates sales of less than $20 million annually. According to the U.S. Small Business Administration, â€Å"A small business is one which is independently owned and operated,Read MoreCharacteristics of a Successful Entrepreneur Essay1598 Words   |  7 PagesCharacteristics of a Successful Entrepreneur ABSTRACT First, there was an interview with a successful entrepreneur. 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First, I will compare and contrast with the U.S.A the standards of ethical practice in Spain for evaluating business decisions. Second, I will discuss the forms of business in Spain, and compare and contrast these to the United States. Third, describe entrepreneurial activities needed for success in that market structure. Final, compare and contrast the U.S.A and the Spain economies. Spain is a cultural superpower, despite the differences

High School and Personal Hero Free Essays

â€Å"A hero is someone who has given his or her life to something bigger than oneself†. Heroes are usually superhero, celebrities and historians but the hero in my life is my mother. My mother is my personal hero because she overcame all the struggles in her youth; she has a caring heart and a hard worker. We will write a custom essay sample on High School and Personal Hero or any similar topic only for you Order Now My mom is my personal hero because of how she overcame struggles in her youth. My mom has a strong sense of leadership even as a young child, due to the fact that she practically raised her 10 brothers and 9 sisters. When my mother was very young, her father had an illness that ended up killing him. Her mother tends to care about her man more than her kids. My mother threw away her dream to become a professional soccer player to help provide for her siblings. Also, my mom overcomes her struggles in school when she was younger. Partially junior high and early high school, my mother didn’t think or care about school and how important it was and she decided that providing for her siblings was the number one priority. As the school years had gone by her attitude toward school changes, she is more dedicated and determines to get her high school diploma. All in all overcoming struggles in her youth has made mom my personal hero. Secondly, my mother is my personal hero because she is a caring person. My mom is part of the minority who make it a part of everyday life to help others. She’s passionate about teaching profoundly mentally handicap children, a job which may be considered undesirable, yet she wouldn’t trade it for the world. She is also the first to offer a helping hand to anybody any time. She has given people a home, a shoulder to cry on, advice, all the help she can give, and most importantly given someone in need the feeling of knowing that there is someone out there who cares. Also, she constantly encouraged me to further my education. She doesn’t want me to go through the same struggles as she went through numerous times. My mother knew growing up she was not given the same opportunities as I am today. My mother reminds me that she foresees a future in me and will not let me give up on my education. Therefore being a caring person is one of many reasons why my mom is a hero to me. Lastly, my mom is my personal hero because she is a hard worker. My mother would sacrifice anything she had to, to ensure our happiness and success. She works two jobs, her full time teaching career and her part time job working fast food just so she can afford to have a roof over our heads, food on the table, and some of the luxuries we may desire even though they aren’t ecessities. She sacrifices her time and energy to please us. There aren’t many people out there who are so giving, without asking for anything in return. Also my mom has think of quitting her job many of time because the hours she worked didn’t allow her to spend any time with her kids and husband. She started getting back pain, eat disorder and sleeping less. But that didn’t stop my mother from quitting her j ob. In conclusion being a hard worker is one of the most important reasons why my mother is my hero. With all the curves and obstacles life throws at us, somehow my mom manages to keep herself together and still manage to be the best mother I know out there by overcoming all the tough struggle she went through as a young child, have a caring personality and working hard. She always strives to do her best for us, and loves us unconditionally. My mom is the most compassionate person that I know. She cares much more for others than she cares for herself and put in time and energy to please us. My mother is my mom, my best friend, but most importantly she is my everyday hero. How to cite High School and Personal Hero, Essay examples

Microbial Survey, Smear Preparation, and Simple Stain Essay Example

Microbial Survey, Smear Preparation, and Simple Stain Essay Instructional Objectives 1. Define Roccal = green, liquid disinfectant. Pathogen = an agent which causes disease. Wet Mount Slide = a microscope slide of a liquid specimen covered with a cover glass. Yeast = a single celled fungi. Budding = a true characteristic method of asexual reproduction among yeasts where budding of a new cell from a parent cell can be observed. Mold = multicellular masses of filamentous fungal growth. Hyphae = individual filaments of mold, generally comprised of more than one cell.Mycelium = the entire mass of the intermeshed hyphae. Colony = the sometimes circular body of fungal growth that is visible to the unaided eye. Can be comprised of thousands of hyphae and reproductive cells, yet is the result of an overgrowth of a single cell or reproductive spore. Reproductive Spore = a means of both reproduction and dissemination of molds, since they are readily carried about by air currents. Septa = hyphal cross walls which divide the filaments into separate cells . Petri Plate (dish) = a special covered dish in which mold is cultured.Medium = a solid nutrient used for culturing. Agar = a non-nutrient thickening agent which is thicker than gelatin but still quite soft. Smear = a thin film of microbial cells on a microscope slide. Fixing = passing the smear through the flame of the laboratory burner three times in rapid succession to heat fix the smear. Simple Staining = staining cells with a single dye so that they can be more readily observed. Basic Dye = (methylene blue) has positively charged chromophore group. A basic dye will be attracted to any negatively charged substance, such as bacterium.Acidic Dye = (eosin) have negatively charged chromophore groups, and thus are attracted to positively charged substances. Chromophore Group = chemical staining group. Bacilli = rod- shaped bacterium. Endospore = survival forms of the cells. Bacterial Spore = a released endospore. 2. Describe the steps in the preparation of a wet mount slide and name the three different specimens used. To prepare a wet mount slide you begin with the substance at hand. The specimens studied in the laboratory using this type of slide were a hay infusion, a yeast suspension, and the mold specimen.For the hay infusion you begin with placing two drops of the suspension in the center of a clean microscope slide using a transfer pipet. The specimen must be immediately covered with a cover glass completing the wet mount slide. The yeast suspension is transferred from the tube to the slide using a flame sterilized inoculating loop. Immediately cover the specimen with a cover glass. The stained yeast suspension is prepared the same way except that the suspension is mixed with a drop of lactophenol cotton blue placed on the slide prior to transferring the yeast.The mold must be cut from the petri plate and placed on top of the drop of lactophenol cotton blue already placed on the microscope slide. After it is covered it may be studied under the microscope . 3. State the scientific name of the yeast studied in the laboratory. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the scientific name of the yeast studied in the laboratory. 4. Name the medium upon which the mold was cultured. Sabouraud agar is the medium upon which the mold was cultured. 5. Name the stain routinely employed on fungal specimens. Lactophenol cotton blue is a stain routinely used on fungal specimens. 6.List two methods by which the mold specimen was examined. The mold specimen was studied by observing the mold colony on the Petri dish directly under the microscope. It was also studied by placing a drop of lactophenol cotton blue directly on a microscope slide followed by a piece of the mold specimen from the Petri dish which is then covered and can be viewed under the microscope. 7. Name the specimen in which moving organisms were seen. Moving organisms were observed in the hay infusion. 8. List the steps in the proper transfer of microbes from a culture to a slide using an inoculat ing loop.To begin the proper transfer of microbes using the inoculating loop you must first light the laboratory burner. The flame will be used to sterilize the inoculating loop by heating until the loop is red hot. Wait for the loop to cool before using it to pick up a drop of the specimen. This specimen is placed on a clean microscope slide which is then covered with a cover glass. If it is stained place a drop of dye on the slide and then mix in the specimen. 9. Describe the procedures for the preparation of smears from both liquid and solid (agar) cultures.Liquid smears are prepared by first shaking the culture well and flame sterilizing the loop. After letting the loop cool a loopful of the liquid culture is transferred onto a clean slide. For a second time, flame sterilize the loop and transfer a loopful of liquid culture onto the same spot on the slide. Mix the loopfuls together and spread out to the size of a tack. Flame sterilize the loop and allow the smear to air dry with out disturbance. The smear must then be heat fixed by passing the slide three times in rapid succession over the laboratory burner; it will be warm to touch.To begin the smear preparation for the solid agar culture two loopfuls of water needs to be placed on the slide. Flame sterilize the loop and let cool, open the Petri dish, and gently touch the flat side of the loop to the agar and slowly draw the loop toward you about a quarter of an inch. Mix the microbes on the loop into the water on the slide and spread it until it is dime sized. Again flame sterilize the loop and heat fix the smear after it has been air dried. 10. Describe the process of heat fixing a microbial smear. A smear is heat fixed by passing the slide over the laboratory burner three times in rapid succession. 1. Name the bacterium employed in the smear and simple staining exercises. The bacterium used in the smear and simple staining exercises is Bacillus megaterium. 12. List the materials and steps employed in si mple staining. One microscope, two smears of the bacterium Bacillus megaterium, lens paper, sqeeze bottles of water, dropper bottle of methylene blue, staining pans with racks, paper towels, bottle of Roccal, immersion oil, and a bottle of 70% isopropyl alcohol are the materials necessary for the simple staining exercise.Begin by placing the smear slide (specimen up) on the rack in the staining pan, and then cover each smear with one or two drops of the methylene blue and let stand for one minute. Rinse the slide with water making sure all of the residual stain is removed from the slide, then blot dry. The slide is now able to be examined with the microscope. 13. Describe the difference in appearance of organisms or slides from broth and agar cultures. With the agar culture you are able to readily see mold growing on the surface without use of the microscope.Although the broth was cloudy (a sign of bacterial growth) it was not as easily examined with the unaided eye as was the agar culture. When viewed under the microscope, in the yeast broth you were able to clearly distinguish the nucleus within the cells and in some cases the process of budding was observed. Hyphae and a number of reproductive cells were able to be seen when examining the mold under the microscope. The nucleus of the cells was hard to distinguish, but septa were easily seen.